高考全国卷语法填空动词考点解析
方彦青
动词是高考英语语法填空考查重点,主要包括动词时态、语态、主谓一致及非谓语动词。本文通过高考真题,分析了语法填空中动词的已考考点和未考考点,并提出解题指导,以帮助学生突破语法填空.
考点一:时态、语态与主谓一致
1. 已考考点主要包括一般过去时、一般现在时、主谓一致,如:
例1. In 1969, the pollution is terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It ______ (be)imaginable that it could be ever be cleaned up.
解析:通过上文的时间状语in 1969,可判断为一般过去时,主语为it,故填单数形式was。
例2. A boy on a bike (catch)my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms.
解析:全文叙述了过去发生的一件事情,主体时态为过去,本句用一般过去时,表示“一个骑自行车的男孩引起了我的注意”,故填caught。
例3. This cycle ____ (go) day after day: the walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and thus always a timely offset(抵消)for the outside temperatures.
解析:本文介绍了印第安人的土坯房,主体时态是现在,本句用一般现在时,主语为单数形式this cycle,故填goes。句意为“这个循环日复一日的进行着:这些墙壁白天加热,晚上变凉,总是及时的抵消外面的温度”。
例4. It was raining lightly when I____(arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn.
解析:通过主句时态was raining可判断为表示过去,从句所给谓语动词arrive为非延续性动词,故用一般过去时,填arrived。句意为“当我在黎明前到达阳朔的时候,天上正飘着小雨”。
2. 未考考点分析:
未考考点主要包括:一般将来时、一般将来进行时、现在进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时、过去进行时、过去完成时等,以及各种时态的被动语态。如:
例1. Up to now, the program _____(save)thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
解析:up to now是现在完成时的标志,故填have saved。句意为“截止到现在,这个项目已经挽救了成千上万的本来会死去的孩子的生命。”
例2.--We’ve spent too much money recently. --well, it isn’t surprising. Our friend and relatives ____ (come)around all the time
解析:句中有时间状语all the time, 且从上文have spent判断表示现在;句意为“近来我们花太多钱了。--并不惊奇,最近一直有朋友和亲戚来访。”表示“从过去开始到现在的一段时间一直在做某事”,用现在完成进行时,填have been coming。
例3. --Were you surprised by the ending of the film? --No, I ____(read)the book, so I already knew the story.
解析:根据上下文可知“Read the book” 这一动作发生在过去动作“knew”之前,为过去的过去,故用过去完成时,填had read。
例4. I walked slowly through the market, where people (sell)all kinds of fruits and vegetables. I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed.
解析:根据“I studied the prices carefully and bought what I needed”的提示可判断此处表示“人们当时正在出售各种水果和蔬菜”,即表示过去某时正在发生的动作,用过去进行时,填were selling。
例5. If you plant watermelon seeds in the spring, you (eat) fresh watermelon in the fall.
解析:根据if从句的时态一般现在时,可判断主句应该为表将来的时态,句意为“如果你春天种西瓜,那么你就能在秋天享受着新鲜的西瓜了”,故用将来进行时,填will be eating。
例6. Traditional folk arts of Tianjin like paper cutting (exhibit)at the culture show these days.
解析:考查主谓一致和时态。主语为Traditional folk arts,为复数形式,和所给动词exhibit构成被动关系,时间状语为these days,故用现在进行时被动语态,填are being exhibiting。
解题指导:在解动词时态题目时,要观察全文的时态,同时寻找标示时间的介词短语、副词或从句,并结合上下文语境、时态呼应原则、主谓一致、主动被动关系、虚拟语气等做出正确答案。
考点二:非谓语动词
1. 已考考点包括:分词作表语、定语,不定式作主语、宾语,动名词作宾语。如:
例1. It took years of work _______ (reduce) industrial pollution and clean the water.
解析:本句考查不定式作主语,用it作形式主语,故空格填to reduce。
例2. While there are_______ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of us the changes are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.
解析:空格后为名词stories,故将amaze改为amazing,修饰物用-ing形式,考查分词作定语。
例3. One morning , I was waiting at the bus stop , worried about (be ) late for school.
解析:加在介词about后面,作宾语,用动名词形式,故填being。
例4. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, and some of them looked very anxious and (disappoint).
解析:和anxious并列作表语,修饰人用-ed形式,故填disappointed,考查分词作表语。
例5. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused (stop ) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept (ride).
解析:第一空加在动词refuse后作宾语,用动词不定式,故填to stop;第二空加在动词keep后作宾语,用动名词,故填riding。
例6. When a new day breaks, the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ____ (cool) the house during the hot day.
解析:句意为“当天亮的时候,墙壁已经释放完它们的热量,现在已经足够冷了能够在炎热的白天为房子降温”,加在enough后面作结果状语,用动词不定式,故填to cool。
例7. A study of travelers ___ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world.
解析:句子的谓语动词为names,故空格处填非谓语动词作后置定语,空格后有介词短语by the website,动作的执行者,故为被动关系,填入过去分词conducted。
例8. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people ___ (live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.
解析:从句的谓语动词为arranges,空格处应为非谓语动词,修饰名词people,作后置定语,构成主动关系,用现在分词,故填living。
例9. In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “air condition” a house without _____(use)exectic equipment.
解析:空格位于介词without后,作介词宾语,常用动名词形式,故填using。
2. 未考考点分析。未考考点主要包括:不定式作定语、表语、目的状语、宾补或主补;动名词作主语,分词作状语、主补或宾补等。如:
例1. There are still many problems ______(solve)before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.
解析:本题考察的是非谓语动词作后置定语。现在分词doing表示主动或者正在进行的动作;过去分词done表示被动或者已经完成的动作,不定式to do 表示主动或者将要发生的动作。句意:在我们准备在月球上长期生活之前,还有很多问题有待于解决。根据句意可知很多问题还没有被解决,都是未来将要发生的事情,所以使用不定式,且和被修饰名词problems构成被动关系,填不定式的被动语态to be solved。
例2. (spend)the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears more mature than those of her age.
解析:本句考察的是分词做状语的用法。动词spend与主句主语Linda构成逻辑上的主动关系,所以使用现在分词在句中做状语。而spend the past year…这个动作是在主句谓语appears more mature之前就发生的,所以使用现在分词的完成式Having spent。句意:作为交换生在香港过了一年,Linda表现得比她的同龄人更为成熟。
例3. ____(understand)your own needs and styles of communication is as important as learning to convey your affection and emotions.
解析:本题考察动名词做主语的用法,填Understanding。本句中的动名词定语understanding your own needs and styles of communication在句中是主语,单个的非谓语动词做主语,谓语动词要使用单数形式。句意:理解你自己的需要和交流方式和知道表达你的爱和情绪一样重要。
例4. (free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions,we each need deep thought and inner quietness.
解析:考查不定式做目的状语,填To free。句意:为了让我们免受精神和身体压力的伤害,我们每个人都需要深入的思考和内心的安宁。
例5. He is thought _ __ (act)foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.
解析:本句考察的是固定句式Sb be though to do/to be doing/to have done某人被认为…;如果表示的是一个已经完成的动作,就使用不定式的完成式,如果是正在进行的动作,就使用不定式的进行式。句意:他被认为表现很糟糕,现在他只能责怪自己丢了那份工作。根据句意可知他表现很糟糕是在丢掉工作之前,所以使用不定式的完成式to have acted。此处不定式作主语补足语。
例7. The manager was satisfied to see many new products ______(develop)after great effort.
解析:此题考查的是过去分词developed在感官动词see后补足语,因为develop与宾语products间为被动关系,故使用过去分词developed。句意:经理很满意地看见在付出巨大努力之后看到很多新产品被研发出来。
例8. Clearly and thoughtfully ______(write), the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.
解析:本句考察的是非谓语动词做状语的用法。句中动词write与句子逐渐与the book构成逻辑上的被动关系,所以使用过去分词written表示被动。句意:被写得很清楚很周到,这本书激励着那些追求自己生活中的答案的学生。
例9. Don’t leave the water _____(run)while you brush your teeth.
解析:考查非谓语动词作宾补,表示“让水一直流着”,用现在分词running。
解题指导:非谓语动词内容繁多,用法复杂,解题时要把握如下要点。
1.核心意义:不定式表将来,表目的,表出乎意料的结果,表示一次性动作或动作发生的全过程;动名词表示习惯性、经常性动作,表用途;现在分词表主动关系,表动作正在进行或持续进行,表自然的、必然的结果;过去分词表被动关系或动作已完成。
2.句子成分:不定式在句中可充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语以及状语;动名词可充当主语、宾语、表语或定语;分词可充当表语、定语、补语和状语。
3.逻辑关系:非谓语动词虽然在语法上没有主语,但它仍表示的是动作,因此在意义上会有一个动作的发出者,这个发出者就是它的逻辑主语。作主语补足语,表语和状语时,逻辑主语为句子的主语;作宾语补足语,逻辑主语为宾语;作定语,逻辑主语是所修饰的先行词;如果非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的是主动关系,用现在分词或不定式的主动式,如果是被动关系,则用过去分词或不定式的被动式,如果表被动进行,则用现在分词的被动式或不定式的被动进行式。
4.时间关系:强调非谓语动作发生在主句谓语动作之前,用完成时,即to have done/to have been done或having done/having been done。
5.习惯用法:如judging from/by,frankly speaking等作状语只用现在分词形式,不定式to be honest等作评注性状语,it is no use/good后面常用doing等。