学习目标:
1. 学习v-ing在句中作定语、状语的功能，探究并掌握其中规律
2. 能运用所学知识
重点：
1. 复习非谓语的相关概念
2. 理解现在分词的含义、特点、形式
3. 掌握现在分词的时间性、语法性
难点：
总结并能运用v-ing 的语法规律
【课前预习案】
使用方法&学习建议
课前预习案详细讲解了v-ing的含义，特点，功能及相关的语法概念。了解这些知识与概念将有助于我们对新知识的快速理解，减少学习障碍。请在课前仔细研读，熟知各概念及用法。
在阅读的过程中，请按照要求完成相应题目。如有疑惑之处，请标识，将在课堂讨论时研究解决。
一、现在分词概说
1. 含义：现在分词（Present Participle，又称v-ing形式、现在进行式) ，是分词的一种。 它在句子里面不能单独充当谓语。但它具备v/n/adj./adv.的特征，因此能充当其它 的一些成分（主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语）。
2. 特点：现在分词表示主动和进行。
3. 现在分词的形式：
V-ing有一般式和完成式。及物动词的-ing有主动语态和被动语态，而不及物动词的V-ing则没有被动语态。现在以及物动词make 和不及物动词go为例，将其v-ing各种形式列表如下：
|
动词 语态 形式 |
及物动词make |
不及物动词go |
|
|
主动语态 |
被动语态 |
主动语态 |
|
|
一般式 |
making |
being made |
going |
|
完成式 |
having made |
having been made |
having gone |
注意： V-ing的否定形式是由not加V-ing构成。如：
Not having heard the news. I wrote to him again.
Not knowing how to work out the math problem, I went to the teacher for help.
二、现在分词的功能
1. 现在分词作定语
1） 定语：修饰名词或代词
2） 定语从句：用一个句子来修饰名词或代词
3） 现在分词作定语：用现在分词来修饰名词或代词，分前置定语(位于所修饰词的前面) 和后置定语（位于所修饰词的后面）
4） 现在分词短语作定语：用现在分词短语修饰名词或代词，在意义上相当于定语从句
练一练：（找出v-ing, 及所修饰的词）
eg. She recognized the Tony’s smiling face.
句中 smiling 修饰 face, 在句中作 前置 定语
1. We were all nervous about the approaching examinations.
句中_____________修饰_____________,在句中作____________定语
2. He rushed into the burning house.
句中_____________修饰_____________,在句中作____________定语
3. The room facing south is our classroom.
句中_____________修饰_____________,在句中作____________定语
4. The factory making toys is run by neighborhood committee.
句中_____________修饰_____________,在句中作____________定语
5. The shaking building showed us that an earthquake was coming.
句中_____________修饰_____________,在句中作____________定语
2. 现在分词作状语
1） 状语的功能：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和 伴随状况等。
2） 现在分词短语作状语：动词-ing形式作状语可以修饰谓语动词或整个句子，在意义上 相当于状语从句
练一练：观察下列句子中v-ing 作状语的用法
1. Seeing (= When he saw ) a note on the ground, the stranger picked it up.
v-ing形式作 状语， 相当于一个时间状语从句
2. Being late (= As he was late ) , he could not be allowed to join in the activity.
v-ing形式作 状语， 相当于一个原因状语从句
3. Mr. Brown was killed in an accident, leaving (=and left) behind a wife and child.
v-ing形式作 状语，表示一种必然的结果,常置于句末，可扩展成一个含有并列 谓语的简单句
4. The stranger was walking through the village, looking ( = and looked) this way and that.
v-ing形式作 状语，其表示的动作伴随主句谓语动作同时发生
5. Knowing ( = Although he knew ) all this , guard didn't let me enter the lecture hall.
v-ing形式作 状语，相当于一个让步状语从句
6. Working (= If you work ) harder, you will make great progress.
v-ing形式作 状语，相当于一个条件状语从句
【课堂探究案】
使用方法&学习建议
探究案是在了解掌握基本概念的基础上，研究v-ing在句中的用法及应注意的问题。找出其中的规律并练习解决实际问题，以提高解题能力。
在课堂探究的过程中，请组成学习小组（4~6人/ 组），共同研究学案中所提出的问题，以预习学案中的概念为基础，完成题目，找出规律并归纳总结。各小组选出发言人，负责在班级展示研究成果。
探究一：现在分词的时态
v-ing在句中也有自己的时态变化，分别表达不同的含义。请观察下列句子中v–ing 的时态变化及其含义。
1. Playing in the park, I met my friend Tom
2. Having finished the letter, he went to post it.
思考：
1. Playing (doing)是现在分词的___________式；Having finished (having done)是现在分词 的_____________式。
2. 现在分词Playing 与 谓语动词met之间是否在时间上存在先后顺序？
3. 现在分词Having finished 与 谓语动词went 之间是否在时间上存在先后顺序？
总结：doing 与 having done 之间的区别
练一练：
1. He got up late and hurried to his office, _________the breakfast untouched.
A.left B.to leave C.leaving D.having left
2. _____________ to reach them on the phone, we sent an email instead.
A. Fail B. Failed C. To fail D. Having failed
3. Last Sunday，my cousin sent me an email ________me to his birthday party.
A. invited B. inviting C. to invite D. having invited
4. __________ his telephone number, we had to call his father first.
A. Not knowing B. Not having known C. Knowing not D. Having not known
探究二：现在分词的语法性
分词的特点是可以表达主动和进行，但是在一些句子中不但要表达进行还要表达被动。请回想预习案中分词的被动形式。
1. 分词的语法性：指使用现在分词的主动式还是被动式，主要取决于现在分词和句子之间 的关系，句子的主语就是分词的逻辑主语。
2. 逻辑主语：从语法上讲，只有句子的谓语动词才有资格有自己的语法上的主语，就是我 们平时所说的主语。如果该动词作的不是谓语动词，那么，它的施动者就不 能被称为主语，只能被称为逻辑主语。
观察下列句子中v–ing 形式的用法
① Having been shown around the school, they were very happy.
② Having finished his homework, he went to bed.
思考：
在①句中，由having been shown构成的分词短语，与句子的主语_________存在________关系；在②句中，由having finished构成的分词短语，与句子的主语_________存在________关系。
总结：如何判断分词的语法性？
练一练：
1. The decision________, what is to be done now is how to carry it out.
A. is made B. has been made C. having been made D. having made
2. Look around when ________ the street.
A. cross B. crossing C. to cross D. crossed
3. _________many times, he finally understood it.
A. Tell B. Telling C. Having told D. Having been told
4. It rained heavily in the south, ________ serious flooding in several provinces.
A. caused B. having caused C. causing D. to cause
5. While watching television, ______.
A. the doorbell rang B. the doorbell rings
C. we heard the doorbell ring D. we heard the doorbell rings
探究三：现在分词的解题步骤
在老师的引导下完成下列题目，注意老师的解题思路与步骤
1. The old man, ________abroad for twenty years, is on the way back to his motherland.
A. to work B. working C. works D. having worked
2. _________the windows and doors, the students left the room.
A. Being closed B. Closed C. Having closed D. To close
3. _______the exam, little Tom didn’t dare to face his angry father.
A. Not passing B. Not having passed
C. Not passed D. Having not passed
4. _______ such heavy loss in the hurricane, the farmer didn’t expect to have a good harvest.
A. Suffering B. Having suffered
C. Being suffered D. Having been suffered
总结
第一步：分析句子结构，辨别_____________ 第二步：找__________________
第三步：分析________________ 第四步：分析________________
【课堂检测】
请运用我们学到的知识完成下面的练习，看看我们学到了些什么
一、用所给动词的适当形式填空
1. ________(walk) along, I met John.
2. ________(feel) hungry, the animal hunts for food.
3. The poet walked along the bank, _________(sing) a sorrowful songs.
4. While _________ (pick) flowers, the child was stung by a wasp.
5. He left his children __________(play) in the street.
二、单句改错
1. Having not seen the film, I can’t tell you what I think of it.
2. The men worked for extra hours got an extra pay.
3. Seen from the top of the hill, we find the city more beautiful.
4. “Can’t you read?” the man said, angrily pointed to the notice on the wall.
5. European football is played in 80 countries, made it the most popular sport in the world.
